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From 1974 to 1988, researchers at Project Zero investigated the development of figurative
language skills in children. Research focused on children's ability to use and understand
the two major forms of figurative language: metaphor and irony. More detailed summaries of
the individual studies are available upon request.Selected readingsAndrews, J., Rosenblatt, E., Malkus, U., Gardner, H., & Winner, E. (1986). Children's abilities to distinguish metaphoric and ironic utterances from mistakes and lies. Communication and Cognition, 19, 3/4, 281-298. Demorest, A., Meyer, C., Phelps, E., Gardner, H., & Winner E. (1984). Words speak louder than actions: Understanding deliberately false remarks. Child Development, 55, 1527-1534. Demorest, A., Silverstein, L., Gardner, H., & Winner, E. (1983). Telling it as it isn't: Children's understanding of figurative language. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. Gardner, H., & Winner, E. (1985). Attitudes and attributes: Children's understanding of metaphor and sarcasm. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Gardner, H., Winner, E., Bechhofer, R., & Wolf, D. (1978). The development of figurative language. In K. Nelson (Ed.), Children's language. New York: Gardner Press. Mendelsohn, E., Robinson, S., Gardner, H., & Winner, E. (1984). Are preschooler's renamings intentional category violations? Developmental Psychology, 20, 2, 187-192. Wagner, S., Winner, E., Cicchetti, D., & Gardner, H. (1981). "Metaphorical" mapping in human infants. Child Development, 52, 728-731. Winner, E. (1979). New names for old things: The emergence of metaphoric language. Journal of Child Language, 6, 469-491. Winner, E. (1988). The Point of Words: Children's Understanding of Metaphor and Irony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Winner, E., & Gardner, H. (1993). Metaphor and irony: Two levels of understanding. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought. Second edition. New York: Cambridge University Press. Winner, E., Levy, J., & Kaplan, J. (1988). Children's understanding of nonliteral language. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 22, 51-63. Reprinted (1989) in H. Gardner and D. Perkins (Eds.), Art, mind and education. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Winner, E., Rosenstiel, A., & Gardner, H. (1976). The development of metaphoric understanding. Developmental Psychology, 12, 289-297. Winner, E., Windmueller, G., Rosenblatt, E., Bosco, L., & Best, E. (1987). Making sense of literal and nonliteral falsehood. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 2, 13-32. |
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